1: Tree health and physiology
The tree as a living organism
Tree identification
Age class of tree
Seasonal variations
Tree physiological functions
Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Respiration
Reproduction
Tree vascular systems
Tree bark
Trees and soils
Physical properties of soils
Soil compaction
Soil water
Chemical properties of soil
Biological properties of soil
Soil nutrients
Tree roots
Root architecture
Water absorption into tree roots
Nutrient absorption into tree roots
Mycorrhizae
The effects of fertiliser of mycorrhizal fungi
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Soil build-up and soil sealing
Tree physical structure
The tree as a biomechanical structure
Axiom of uniform stress
Thigmomorphogenesis
Tree growth habits
Growth habit and structure
Branch and stem attachment
Crossing or rubbing branches
Epicormic shoots
2: Tree disorders
How to use this chapter
Tree stress
Tree disorder diagnostic process
Abiotic disorders
Soil compaction or poor drainage
Soil quality
Contamination
Environmental conditions
Sunburn and sunscald
Weather events
Light intensity and duration
Temperature extremes
Lightning damage
Wind direction and intensity
Mechanical damage
Biotic disorders
Humans
Large animals
Soil organisms
Insects
Pathogens
Epiphytes, parasites and vines
Tree structural conditions
Diagnosis: collecting samples
Sampling equipment
Sampling hygiene and biosecurity
Soil sampling
Selecting sampling sites
Soil sampling procedure
Collecting plant samples
Recording sample information
Sending samples for analysis
Laboratory analysis
3: Tree establishment
Selection of tree species
Selection of tree stock for planting
Tree planting
Tree establishment
4: Tree maintenance
Tree maintenance process
Identifying maintenance requirements
Selecting a treatment plan
Developing a maintenance plan
Performing tree maintenance
Performing tree work
Environmental impact and control measures
Biosecurity measures
Tree cultural remediation
Atmospheric and climatic remediation
Soil remediation
Fertilisation
Irrigation
Improving soil organic content
Mulch
Selecting mulch
Applying mulch
Installing physical protections
Physical barriers
Arboreal animal protection
Root barriers
Chemical treatments
Categories of chemical treatments
Applying chemical treatments
Hazards associated with chemical treatments
Calculating chemical treatment applications
Mixing chemicals
Chemical spill clean-up procedures
Chemical application techniques
Inoculation
Tree pruning
Tree pruning treatments
Asset clearance
Reduction pruning
Crown thinning
Crown lifting
Risk abatement pruning
Deadwood removal
Branch or stem end weight reduction
Remedial pruning
Retrenchment pruning
Formative pruning
Structural pruning
Epiphyte, parasite and vine removal
Pollarding
Palm pruning
Natural fracture pruning & coronet cuts
Tree pruning permits and tree protection laws
Tools and equipment for tree pruning
Pruning cuts
Branch reduction cuts
Examples of incorrect branch reduction cuts
Stem reduction cuts
Branch removal cuts (living branches)
Branch removal cuts (deadwood)
Root pruning
Completing tree works
Processing debris
Waste disposal
Recording works
Completion of works
The care of trees